Glypicans: proteoglycans with a surprise

Caffeine Caffeine–A Drug with a Surprise

The first reported caffeine consumers in history were the members of the Galla tribe in Ethiopia, who were enjoying coffee 1000 years ago. In 1819 Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge isolated caffeine for the first time as a pure compound from coffee beans. The first total synthesis of caffeine was accomplished by Emil Fischer in 1895. Despite the extensive consumption of caffeinated nutrients in our dai...

Splenogonadal Fusion Associated with Bilateral Cryptorchidism, Presenting as an Operative Surprise - Report of a Case

Splenogonadal fusion is a rare entity with approximately 150 reported cases until the year 2005. The entity is a rare congenital anomaly in which there is fusion of splenic and gonadal anlagen or mesonephric derivatives. Splenogonadal fusion has two continuous and discontinuous types. About ten cases have been reported to be associated with bilateral cryptorchidism in literature. Very few cases...

Bacteria spring a surprise

Elastic forces within DNA drive the segregation of chromosomes in bacteria.

A Surprise Follow-Up.

A little surprise packet.